Hybrid cars are increasingly popular in the European Union as eco-conscious drivers turn away from their more polluting petrol and diesel counterparts, but environmentalists warn they’re not as green as they seem.
Sales of the cars, which use both a conventional combustion engine and a small electric motor, allowing owners to drive a few kilometres without emitting CO2, could soon overtake those of petrol vehicles in the EU.
In the third quarter of this year, 20.7% of cars sold in the bloc were new hybrid versions whose batteries are recharged by collecting wasted energy from elsewhere, like braking, and 9.1% were hybrid plug-ins that can be charged from an electric outlet.
Close to 40% were petrol-powered, 17.6% diesel and just 9.8% were fully electric.
Cheaper than fully electric cars, they also provide some reassurance for those worried about their battery running out of power at a time when charging stations are still not widespread.
CO2 emissions
Auto giants like Toyota, Stellantis, Renault and Hyundai-Kia are banking on hybrids, not least because they allow them to comply with EU norms on CO2 emissions at a lesser cost than fully electric cars.
But are they truly less polluting, or more of a transition solution as the world edges towards ditching petrol and diesel altogether?
Greenpeace and the pressure group Transport & Environment believe that hybrids actually slow down this transition.
They want to accelerate the shift to fully electric and to other forms of transport, pointing out that hybrids aren’t that green.
“Conventional ‘full’ hybrids in particular, which run for the majority of the time on fossil fuel energy, are barely any cleaner than traditional petrol and diesel engines,” Greenpeace said last year.
Marie Cheron of France’s Nicolas Hulot Foundation, an environmental group, concurred.
Out Of Charge
“For example, some hybrids have been bought for fleets (of cars), they do not have a system that allows them to recharge, people don’t charge them, and so they don’t drive electric.”
But Philippe Degeilh, an engineer at IFP Energies Nouvelles (Ifpen), an energy, transport and environment research group, said people just need to be educated in how to use hybrids correctly.
According to an Ifpen study published at the end of 2020, hybrids emit an average of 12% less CO2 than a similar petrol-powered car.
That rises to 33% in town, while it drops to almost zero on highways.
Plug-ins that are driven smoothly – draining batteries less – and often recharged are “capable of nearing zero emissions,” according to Ifpen.
Environmental credentials
“A household that has just one car can have a better environmental record with a hybrid rather than with an electric car equipped with a large battery. It’s designed to do 50 kilometres a day and sometimes to go on holiday,” Degeilh said.
Meanwhile, fully electric cars aren’t necessarily all that green either.
Their batteries, which are getting bigger and bigger, require a lot of energy in their production.
Where the electricity comes from is also important to determine their environmental credentials.
Political Debate
The debate around hybrids is also a political one.
As the EU plans to ban the sale of petrol and diesel engines from 2035, some of the auto industry wants to ensure a role for hybrids.
“We think the hybrid is here to stay,” Jim Crosbie, head of Toyota Motor Manufacturing France, said.
Hybrids – excluding plug-ins – represent 70% of the Japanese group’s sales in Western Europe.
“If we’re talking about a model life cycle of seven to nine years, it will remain an important asset for us in the years to come,” he said.
- AFP with additional editing by Jim Pollard
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